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Stepan Bandera’s last name may have been derived from a common surname used in the Austro-Hungarian region where he was born, with possible Spanish or Italian connections. However, it seems unlikely that his surname directly relates to the political or symbolic meaning of the word "Bandera" (flag/banner) as it is understood in Spanish or Italian contexts. The presence of Bandera surnames in Ukraine, Poland, Russia, and other countries indicates that surnames in Eastern Europe were often influenced by various linguistic and cultural factors. The surname Bandera is likely the same surname as the one found in Spain and Italy, but it may have had different connotations and meanings in the Ukrainian context.