Beginning in the 10th century, the German king was elected by the dukes, the leaders of the duchies that made up the realm. These duchies were semi-sovereign and often acted independently, though theoretically they were under the command of the king/Emperor.
After Friedrich III all of the kings of Germany and the Holy Roman Emperors were from the Habsburg family, with the exception of one. The Habsburgs personally possessed extensive territories in Austria, and later in Bohemia, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands. By this time the Emperors were no longer crowned by the popes. The last Holy Roman Emperor was removed by Napoleon in 1806.
Name | Years | |
---|---|---|
Adolf of Nassau | 1292-1298 | |
Albrecht I | 1298-1308 | |
Albrecht II the Magnanimous | 1438-1439 | |
Alfonso of Castile | 1257-1273 | |
Arnulf of Carinthia | 887-899 | |
Ferdinand I | 1531-1564 | |
Ferdinand II | 1619-1637 | |
Ferdinand III | 1636-1657 | |
Franz I | 1745-1765 | |
Franz II | 1792-1806 | |
Friedrich I Barbarossa | 1152-1190 | |
Friedrich II | 1212-1250 | |
Friedrich III | 1440-1493 | |
Heinrich I the Fowler | 919-936 | |
Heinrich II | 1002-1024 | |
Heinrich III | 1028-1056 | |
Heinrich IV | 1054-1105 | |
Heinrich V | 1099-1125 | |
Heinrich VI | 1169-1197 | |
Heinrich VII | 1308-1313 | |
Joseph I | 1690-1711 | |
Joseph II | 1764-1790 | |
Karl I the Great | 800-814 | |
Karl II the Bald | 875-877 | |
Karl III the Fat | 876-887 | |
Karl IV | 1346-1378 | |
Karl V | 1519-1556 | |
Karl VI | 1711-1740 | |
Karl VII Albrecht | 1742-1745 | |
Konrad I of Franconia | 911-918 | |
Konrad II | 1024-1039 | |
Konrad III | 1138-1152 | |
Konrad IV | 1237-1254 | |
Leopold I | 1658-1705 | |
Leopold II | 1790-1792 | |
Lothar I | 817-855 | |
Lothar III of Saxony | 1125-1137 | |
Ludwig I the Pious | 813-840 | |
Ludwig II the Younger | 844-875 | |
Ludwig III the Child | 900-911 | |
Ludwig IV | 1314-1347 | |
Matthias | 1612-1619 | |
Maximilian I | 1486-1519 | |
Maximilian II | 1562-1576 | |
Otto I the Great | 936-973 | |
Otto II the Red | 961-983 | |
Otto III | 983-1002 | |
Otto IV | 1198-1215 | |
Philipp of Swabia | 1198-1208 | |
Richard of Cornwall | 1257-1272 | |
Rudolf I | 1273-1291 | |
Rudolf II | 1575-1612 | |
Ruprecht | 1400-1410 | |
Sigismund | 1410-1437 | |
Wenzel | 1376-1400 | |
William of Holland | 1247-1256 |