Surnames Matching Pattern *r

Kerner German
Derived from Old High German kerno "seed", an occupational name for one who sold or planted seeds.

Kerper German
Variant of Gerber.

Kerr Scottish, English
From Scots and northern Middle English kerr meaning "thicket, marsh", ultimately from Old Norse kjarr.

Kiefer 1 German
Means "pine tree" in German.

Kiefer 2 German
Occupational name for a barrel maker, derived from Old High German kuofa meaning "barrel".

Kirchner German
Derived from Middle High German kirchenaere meaning "sexton".

Kistler German
Occupational name meaning "chest maker, cabinetmaker" from Middle High German kiste.

Kistner German
Variant of Kistler.

Kjær Danish
Topographic name for someone living near a wetland, from Danish kær "marsh", from Old Norse kjarr "thicket".

Klossner German
Derived from German Klausner, Middle High German klosenære meaning "hermit".

Kneller German
Originally a nickname for a noisy or disruptive person, derived from Old German knellen "to make noise, to cause a disturbance".

Kóbor Hungarian
From Hungarian kóbor meaning "wanderer, ranger".

Köhler German
Variant of Kohler.

Kohler German
From Middle High German koler meaning "charcoal burner" or "charcoal seller".

Kolář m Czech
Means "wheelwright", a derivative of Czech kolo "wheel".

Kolar Croatian, Slovene
Croatian and Slovene cognate of Kolář.

Kollár m Slovak
Slovak form of Kolář.

Kopitar Slovene
From Slovene kopito meaning "hoof", an occupational name for a shoer.

Košar Croatian
From Croatian koš meaning "basket", originally indicating a person who made or sold baskets.

Koster Dutch
Means "churchwarden, sexton" in Dutch, an occupational name for a caretaker of a church.

Kovář m Czech
Czech cognate of Kovač.

Kövér Hungarian
Means "fat" in Hungarian.

Kraemer German
Variant of Krämer.

Kramář m Czech
Czech form of Krämer.

Krämer German
Means "shopkeeper, merchant" in German, derived from Old High German kram meaning "tent, trading post".

Kramer Low German, Jewish
Low German and Jewish form of Krämer.

Kröger German
Variant of Krüger 1 and Krüger 2.

Krüger 1 German
In northern Germany an occupational name for a tavern keeper, derived from Middle Low German kroch meaning "tavern".

Krüger 2 German
In southern Germany an occupational name for a potter, derived from Middle High German kruoc meaning "jug, pot".

Kruger German
Variant of Krüger 1 and Krüger 2.

Küchler German
Occupational surname for a baker who made small cakes or cookies, derived from Middle High German kuoche "cake, pastry".

Kuiper Dutch
Means "cooper, barrel maker" in Dutch.

Kumar Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Punjabi, Bengali, Assamese, Gujarati, Odia, Malayalam, Tamil
Means "boy, prince" in Sanskrit.

Kyler Dutch (Anglicized)
Anglicized form of Cuyler.

Lager Swedish
Means "laurel" in Swedish.

Lamar French, English
Originally from a place name in Normandy, derived from Old French la mare meaning "the pool".

Langer German, Jewish
German cognate of Long.

Lázár Hungarian
From the given name Lázár.

Lazăr Romanian
From the given name Lazăr.

Leclair French
Either a variant of Leclerc or from French clair meaning "bright".

Lécuyer French
From French écuyer meaning "squire, shield-bearer", from Latin scutarius, a derivative of scutum "shield".

Lehr German
From Old High German loh meaning "meadow, clearing".

Lehrer Jewish
Means "teacher" in German (Yiddish לערער (lerer)).

Leitner German
Referred to one who lived on a hillside, from Middle High German lite "slope".

Lester Scottish
Variant of Lister.

Lindner German
Variant of Linden.

Lister Scottish
Anglicized form of the Gaelic Mac an Fleisdeir meaning "son of the arrow maker".

Lončar Croatian, Serbian, Slovene
Means "potter", from Serbo-Croatian lonac, Slovene lonec meaning "pot".

Luther German
From the old given name Leuthar. It was notably borne by the religious reformer Martin Luther (1483-1546).

Mac Alastair Irish
Irish Gaelic form of McAlister.

MacAlastair Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic form of McAlister.

Mac an Fleisdeir Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic form of Lister.

Mac an tSaoir Scottish Gaelic
Gaelic form of McIntyre.

Macar Turkish
Means "Hungarian" in Turkish.

MacEalair Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic form of McKellar.

MacGregor Scottish
Anglicized form of Gaelic MacGriogair meaning "son of Gregor". It originates from the Highland clan Gregor. A famous bearer was the Scottish folk hero Rob Roy MacGregor (1671-1734).

MacGriogair Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic form of MacGregor.

Mac Íomhair Irish
Irish Gaelic form of McIver.

MacIomhair Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic form of McIver.

MacIver Scottish
Variant of McIver.

Mag Uidhir Irish
Irish Gaelic form of McGuire.

Magyar Hungarian
Means "Hungarian" in Hungarian.

Maier 1 German
Variant of Meyer 1.

Maier 2 Jewish
Variant of Meyer 2.

Major English
From the Norman French given name Mauger, derived from the Germanic name Malger.

Maurer German
Occupational name meaning "wall builder" in German.

Mayer 1 German
Variant of Meyer 1.

Mayer 2 Jewish
Variant of Meyer 2.

Mayer 3 English
Occupational name for a mayor, from Middle English mair, derived via Old French from Latin maior.

Mayer 4 English
Variant of Myer.

Mazur Polish
Indicated a person from either Mazovia (Polish Mazowsze) or Masuria (Polish Mazury), regions in Poland.

McAlister Scottish, Irish
From Scottish Gaelic MacAlastair or Irish Gaelic Mac Alastair meaning "son of Alistair".

McArthur Scottish
Means "son of Arthur" in Gaelic.

McGregor Scottish
Variant of MacGregor.

McIver Scottish, Irish
Anglicized form of Gaelic MacIomhair meaning "son of Íomhar".

McKeever Irish
Variant of McIver.

McKellar Scottish
From Gaelic MacEalair meaning "son of Ealar".

Meier 1 German
Variant of Meyer 1.

Meier 2 Jewish
Variant of Meyer 2.

Meijer Dutch
Dutch form of Meyer 1.

Meir Jewish
Variant of Meyer 2.

Meisner German
Variant of Meissner.

Meissner German
Originally denoted a person from the German town of Meissen, which is probably of Slavic origin.

Mencher Polish
Possibly an occupational name derived from Polish maczarz meaning "miller".

Mercer English
Occupational name for a trader in textiles, from Old French mercier, derived from Latin merx meaning "merchandise".

Mercier French
French form of Mercer.

Messer German
Occupational name for a person who made knives, from Middle High German messer "knife".

Messner German
Occupational name for a sexton or churchwarden, from Old High German mesinari.

Metzger German
Means "butcher" in German.

Meunier French
Means "miller" in French.

Meyer 1 German
From Middle High German meier meaning "bailiff, administrator", derived from Latin maior meaning "greater". Later it also denoted a tenant farmer. The spellings Meier and Meyer are more common in northern Germany while Maier and Mayer are more common in southern Germany.

Meyer 2 Jewish
From Hebrew מֵאִיר (meir) meaning "enlightened".

Meyer 3 English
Variant of Mayer 3.

Meyer 4 English
Variant of Myer.

Mhasalkar Marathi (Rare)
Derived from the name of the town of Mhasla in Maharashtra, India.

Miller English
Occupational surname meaning "miller", referring to a person who owned or worked in a grain mill, derived from Middle English mille "mill".

Mlakar Slovene, Croatian
Referred to someone who lived near a pool, derived from South Slavic mlaka meaning "pool, puddle".

Mlynář m Czech
Means "miller" in Czech.

Möller Low German, Swedish
Low German and Swedish form of Müller.

Møller Danish
Danish form of Müller.

Molnár Hungarian
Occupational name meaning "miller" in Hungarian.

Mortimer English
From the name of a town in Normandy meaning "dead water, still water" in Old French.

Moser German
Name for someone who lived near a peat bog, from Middle High German mos.

Mueller German
Variant of Müller.

Muir Scottish
Scots form of Moore 1. This name was borne by the Scottish-American naturalist John Muir (1838-1914).

Mulder Dutch
Dutch equivalent of Miller.

Müller German
German equivalent of Miller, derived from Middle High German mülnære or müller.

Muller German
Variant of Müller.

Myer English
From Old French mire meaning "doctor", derived from Latin medicus.

Nacar Turkish
Turkish form of Najjar.

Nagarkar Marathi
Derived from the name of the town of Nagar in Maharashtra, India.

Najjar Arabic
Means "carpenter" in Arabic.

Noyer French
French form of Nogueira.

Ó Conchobhair Irish
Irish Gaelic form of O'Connor.

O'Connor Irish
From Irish Ó Conchobhair meaning "descendant of Conchobar".

Ó Gallchobhair Irish
Irish Gaelic form of Gallagher.

Okafor Igbo
From the given name Okafor.

Olander Swedish
Denoted someone from the islands of Öland (eastern Sweden) or Åland (western Finland).

Oliver English, Catalan, German, French
Derived from the given name Oliver.

Olivier French
Derived from the given name Olivier.

Olofsdotter Swedish
Means "daughter of Olof".

Omar Arabic
From the given name Umar.

Oppenheimer German
Originally indicated a person from Oppenheim, Germany, perhaps meaning "marshy home". A notable bearer was the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967).

Orr Scottish
From a nickname derived from Gaelic odhar meaning "dun-coloured, greyish brown, tan".

Øster Danish
From Danish øst meaning "east", originally denoting a dweller on the eastern side of a place.

Oursler German
Originally a name designating a person from Ursel (now Oberursel) in Hesse, Germany.

Palmer English
Means "pilgrim", ultimately from Latin palma "palm tree", since pilgrims to the Holy Land often brought back palm fronds as proof of their journey.

Palomer Provençal
Means "pigeon keeper" from Latin palumbes "pigeon".

Pander Dutch
Variant of Penders.

Parker English
Means "keeper of the park" in Middle English. It is an occupational name for a person who was a gamekeeper at a medieval park.

Pastor Spanish
Means "shepherd" in Spanish.

Pásztor Hungarian
Means "shepherd" in Hungarian.

Paternoster English, Italian
Occupational name for a maker of rosaries, also called paternosters. They are derived from the Latin phrase pater noster "our Father", the opening words of the Lord's Prayer.

Pelletier French
Derived from Old French pelletier "fur trader".

Pender 1 English
From Middle English pind "to pen up". This was an occupational name for someone who penned animals.

Pender 2 Dutch
Variant of Penders.

Penner English
Variant of Penn 2.

Perrier French
Occupational name for a person who worked with stone, derived from French pierre meaning "stone", from Latin petra, Greek πέτρα (petra).

Péter Hungarian
Derived from the given name Péter.

Peter English, German, Dutch
Derived from the given name Peter.

Pfeiffer German
Occupational name meaning "pipe player" in German, from Middle High German pfifen "to whistle".

Pichler Upper German
From Bavarian Bühel meaning "hill".

Pintér Hungarian
Means "cooper, barrel maker" in Hungarian.

Piper English
Originally given to a person who played on a pipe (a flute).

Pletcher German (Anglicized)
Anglicized form of Pletscher.

Pletscher German
Possibly from the name of a field where cattle fodder was grown, from German Bletsch.

Poindexter English
From the Jèrriais surname Poingdestre meaning "right fist".

Poirier French
Means "pear tree" in French, originally a nickname for someone who lived close to such a tree.

Porcher English, French
Means "swineherd" from Old French and Middle English porchier, from Latin porcus "pig".

Porter English
Occupational name meaning "doorkeeper", ultimately from Old French porte "door", from Latin porta.

Portner Low German
Low German cognate of Porter.

Potter English
Occupational name for a potter, one who makes earthen vessels. This surname was used by J. K. Rowling for the hero in her Harry Potter series of books, first released in 1997.

Pottinger English
Occupational name, either for an apothecary, from Old French potecaire, or a seller of stew, from Old French potagier.

Power 1 English, Irish
From Old French Poier, indicating a person who came from the town of Poix in Picardy, France.

Power 2 English
From Middle English povre meaning "poor", via Old French from Latin pauper. It could have been a nickname for someone who had no money or a miser.

Pryor English
Originally belonged to one who was a prior (a religious official), or one who worked for a prior.

Qadir Arabic
Derived from the given name Qadir.

Rademacher Low German
Low German cognate of Rademaker.

Rademaker Dutch
From the occupation of rademaker meaning "maker of wheels", from Dutch rad meaning "wheel".

Ramaker Dutch
Variant of Rademaker.

Reier German
Variant of Reiher.

Reiher German
Means "heron" in German, a nickname for a person with long legs.

Reiter German
Variant of Reuter 1.

Reuter 1 German
Fom Middle High German riute meaning "cleared land".

Reuter 2 German
From Middle High German riutœre meaning "highwayman, thief".

Reyer German
Variant of Reiher.

Riber Danish
Originally indicated a person from the county or town of Ribe in southwestern Denmark.

Richter German
Means "judge" in German, from Middle High German rihtære.

Rider English
Variant of Ryder.

Riker German
Possibly a variant of Reich.

Rimmer English
Occupational name meaning "poet", from Middle English rime meaning "rhyme".

Ritter German
From Middle High German riter meaning "rider, knight", a cognate of Ryder.

Roger French
From the given name Roger.

Rosenberger German, Jewish
Variant of Rosenberg.

Rothbauer German
From Old High German riuten "to clear land" and bur "peasant, farmer".

Royer French
From French roue meaning "wheel", ultimately from Latin rota, an occupational name for a wheelwright.

Ruzzier Italian
From a dialectal variant of Ruggiero. It is typical of northeastern Italy, the area around Trieste.

Rybár m Slovak
Means "fisher" in Slovak, from ryba meaning "fish".

Rybář m Czech
Czech form of Rybár.

Ryder English
Occupational name for a mounted warrior, from Old English ridere meaning "rider".

Ryer German (Anglicized)
Possibly an Americanized form of Reiher.

Saar Estonian
From Estonian saar meaning "island".

Sadler English
Occupational name for a maker of saddles, from Old English sadol "saddle".

Salazar Basque, Spanish
From Spanish sala meaning "hall" and Basque zahar meaning "old". It can also refer to the town of Salazar in Burgos, Spain, which is of the same origin.

Saller 1 German
Originally denoted a person from the town of Sallern in Bavaria, possibly from a Celtic element meaning "stream".

Saller 2 German
Denoted a person who lived by a prominent sallow tree, from Middle High German salhe "sallow tree".

Salvador Spanish, Portuguese
From the given name Salvador.

Sander German, Danish
Derived from the given name Alexander.

Sándor Hungarian
Derived from the given name Sándor.

Sangster English, Scottish
Occupational name or nickname for a singer, from Old English singan "to sing, to chant".

Sartor Italian
Variant of Sarto.

Sauber German
Means "clean, tidy" in German.

Sauer German
Means "sour" in German, a nickname for an embittered or cantankerous person.

Sauter German
Occupational name for a cobbler, from Latin sutor "sewer, cobbler".

Savatier French
From Old French savatier "shoemaker", derived from savate "shoe", of uncertain ultimate origin.

Sawyer English
Occupational name meaning "sawer of wood, woodcutter" in Middle English, ultimately from Old English sagu meaning "saw". Mark Twain used it for the main character in his novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876).

Sayer Welsh
From Welsh saer meaning "carpenter".

Saylor English
Occupational name meaning "acrobat, dancer", derived from Old French sailleor, from Latin sallitor.

Schäfer German
From Old High German scaphare meaning "shepherd".

Scheer German, Dutch
Variant of Scherer.

Scherer German
Occupational name for a cutter of cloth or a sheep-shearer, from Old High German skeran "to cut".

Schermer Dutch, Low German
Dutch and Low German form of Schirmer.

Schindler German
Occupational name for a roof tiler, from Middle High German schindel "shingle". A famous bearer was Oskar Schindler (1908-1974), who saved over a thousand Polish Jews during World War II.

Schipper Dutch
Occupational name meaning "skipper, ship captain" in Dutch.

Schirmer German
Means "fencer, fencing master", from Old High German skirmen meaning "to defend".

Schlender German
From Middle High German slinderen "to dawdle" or Middle Low German slinden "to swallow, to eat".

Schlösser German
Variant of Schlosser.

Schlosser German
Occupational name for a locksmith, derived from Old High German sloz meaning "lock".

Schneider German, Jewish
From German schneider or Yiddish shnayder, making it a cognate of Snyder.

Schneijder Dutch
Variant of Snyder.

Schnoor German
Variant of Schnur.

Schnur German, Jewish
From Old High German snuor meaning "rope, cord", an occupational name for a maker of rope.

Schöttmer German
Originally indicated a person from Schötmar, Germany (now part of the city of Bad Salzuflen in North Rhine-Westphalia).

Schräder Low German (Rare)
Variant of Schröder 1.

Schrader Low German
Variant of Schröder 1.

Schreiber German
German cognate of Scriven.

Schreier German, Jewish
Occupational name for a town crier, from Old High German scrian meaning "to shout, to yell".

Schröder 1 Low German
Occupational name for a tailor, from Middle Low German schroden meaning "to cut".

Schröder 2 German
Variant of Schröter.

Schroeder German
Variant of Schröder 1 and Schröder 2.

Schroeter German
Variant of Schröter.

Schröter German
Means "beer-porter, wine-porter" in German, an occupational name for a carrier of wine or beer barrels.

Schuhmacher German
From the Middle High German occupational name schuochmacher meaning "shoemaker".

Schuler German
Means "scholar, student" in German, ultimately from Latin schola meaning "school".

Schumacher German
Variant of Schuhmacher.

Schuster German
Means "shoemaker, cobbler", from Middle High German schuoch "shoe" and suter, from Latin sutor "sewer, cobbler".

Schuyler Dutch
Possibly a Dutch form of Schuler.

Schwarzenegger German
From a place name, derived from Old High German swarz meaning "black" and ekka meaning "edge, corner". A famous bearer of this name is actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-).

Schweitzer German
Indicated a person from Switzerland (see Schweiz).

Schwinghammer German
Occupational name for a blacksmith, literally meaning "swing hammer" in German.

Scrivener English
Variant of Scriven.

Scrivenor English
Variant of Scriven.

Seaver English
From the unattested Old English given name Sæfaru, derived from the Old English elements sæ "sea, ocean" and faru "journey".

Seeger German
From the given name Sieghard.

Senior English
Originally a name for the elder of two brothers.

Seymour 1 English
From Saint Maur, a French place name, which commemorates Saint Maurus.

Seymour 2 English
From an English place name, derived from Old English sæ "sea" and mere "lake".

Shafir Jewish
Ornamental name meaning "sapphire" in Yiddish.

Shearer English
English cognate of Scherer.

Shriver German
German cognate of Scriven.

Sieger German
From the given name Sieghard.

Silver English
From a nickname for a person with grey hair, from Old English seolfor "silver".

Sinclair English
Derived from a Norman French town called "Saint Clair".

Skinner English
Occupational name for a person who skinned animals, from Old Norse skinn.

Skywalker Popular Culture
From the English words sky and walker, created by George Lucas as the surname for several characters in his Star Wars movie series, notably the hero Luke Skywalker from the original trilogy (beginning 1977). Early drafts of the script had the name as Starkiller.

Slater English
Occupational name indicating that an early member worked covering roofs with slate, from Old French esclat "shard", of Germanic origin.

Slusser German
Variant of Schlosser.

Snaaijer Dutch
Dutch cognate of Snyder.

Snaijer Dutch
Dutch cognate of Snyder.

Sneijder Dutch
Dutch cognate of Snyder.

Sneijer Dutch
Dutch cognate of Snyder.

Snider English
Variant of Snyder.

Snijder Dutch
Dutch cognate of Snyder.

Snyder English
Means "tailor", derived from Middle English snithen "to cut", an occupational name for a person who stitched coats and clothing.

Soler Occitan, Catalan
Denoted a person from any of the numerous places in the area whose names derive from Occitan or Catalan soler meaning "ground, floor".

Sommer 1 German, English
Means "summer", from Old High German sumar or Old English sumor. This was a nickname for a cheerful person, someone who lived in a sunny spot, or a farmer who had to pay taxes in the summer.

Sommer 2 German
From Middle High German sumber or sommer meaning "basket, wickerwork, drum".

Spear English
From Old English spere "spear", an occupational name for a hunter or a maker of spears, or a nickname for a thin person.

Spellmeyer German
Possibly from German spielen meaning "to play, to jest" combined with meyer meaning "village headman". Perhaps it referred to someone who was played or acted as the village headman.

Spencer English
Occupational name for a person who dispensed provisions to those who worked at a manor, derived from Middle English spense "larder, pantry".

Spijker 1 Dutch
Denoted a dweller by or worker at a granary, from Dutch spijker "granary".

Spijker 2 Dutch
Occupational name for a nailsmith, from Dutch spijker "nail".

Spiker Dutch (Anglicized)
Americanized form of Spijker 1 or Spijker 2.

Spooner English
Occupational name for a maker of spoons or a maker of shingles, derived from Middle English spone meaning "chip of wood, spoon".

Starr English
From Middle English sterre meaning "star". This was usually a nickname, but it could also occasionally be a sign name from the name of an inn called the Star.

Steiner German
Variant of Stein.

Stenger German
Occupational name for a post maker, from Old High German stanga "pole".

Stieber German
Derived from Middle High German stiuben meaning "to run away". It may have been given as a nickname to a cowardly person or a thief.

Stringer English
Occupational name for a maker of string or bow strings, from Old English streng "string".

Stuber German
Occupational name for the owner of an inn, derived from Old High German stuba "room".

Sumner English
Occupational name for a summoner, an official who was responsible for ensuring the appearance of witnesses in court, from Middle English sumner, ultimately from Latin submonere "to advise".

Switzer German (Anglicized)
Americanized form of Schweitzer.

Tailler French
Means "tailor" from Old French tailleur.

Tailor English
Variant of Taylor.

Tanner English
Occupational name for a person who tanned animal hides, from Old English tannian "to tan", itself from Late Latin and possibly ultimately of Celtic origin.

Tanzer German
Means "dancer" in German, derived from Middle High German tanzen "to dance".

Tar Hungarian
Derived from Hungarian tar meaning "bald".

Tarr Hungarian
Variant of Tar.

Tasker English
From Middle English taske meaning "task, assignment". A tasker was a person who had a fixed job to do, particularly a person who threshed grain with a flail.

Taylor English
Derived from Old French tailleur meaning "tailor", ultimately from Latin taliare "to cut".

Tesař m Czech
Means "carpenter" in Czech, ultimately from the Old Slavic word tesla meaning "adze".

Thacker English
Northern Middle English variant of Thatcher.

Thatcher English
Referred to a person who thatched roofs by attaching straw to them, derived from Old English þæc meaning "thatch, roof". A famous bearer was the British prime minister Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013).

Thayer French (Anglicized)
Americanized form of Tailler.

Tímár Hungarian
Occupational name meaning "tanner" in Hungarian.

Tinker English
Occupational name for a mender of kettles, pots and pans. The name could derive from the tinking sound made by light hammering on metal. It is possible that the word comes from the word tin, the material with which the tinker worked.

Tittensor English
Indicated a person from Tittensor, England, which means "Titten's ridge".

Tjäder Swedish
Means "wood grouse" in Swedish.

Toller English
Occupational name meaning "tax gatherer", derived from Old English toln "toll, fee, tax".

Towner English
Variant of Toller.

Traver French
French variant of Travers.

Traylor English
Meaning unknown.

Treloar English
Originally denoted a person from a place of this name in Cornwall, England.

Trevor Welsh
Originally from the name of various Welsh towns meaning "big village", derived from Middle Welsh tref "village" and maur "large".

Trumbauer German
Possibly from Middle High German trame "rafter, frame" and bauer "peasant, neighbour".

Tucker English
Occupational name for a fuller of cloth, derived from Old English tucian meaning "offend, torment". A fuller was a person who cleaned and thickened raw cloth by pounding it.

Tudor Romanian
Derived from the given name Tudor 2.

Tupper English
Occupational name for a herdsman, derived from Middle English toupe "ram".

Turner English
Occupational name for one who worked with a lathe, derived from Old English turnian "to turn", of Latin origin. A famous bearer is the American musician Tina Turner (1939-2023), born Anna Mae Bullock.

Tyler English
Occupational name for a tiler of roofs, derived from Old English tigele "tile". A famous bearer of this name was American president John Tyler (1790-1862).