AnnavarapuTelugu Means “one who has received the blessings or gifts of an elder brother or respected person”.
AntolinSpanish 1 Spanish (Antolín): from the personal name, a vernacular form of Antoninus, a name borne by thirteen saints.... [more]
AparicioSpanish Derived from the Latin word “aparitio” meaning “appearance” or “arrival”. It may also be a habitational name, indicating a person who lived near or at a place with the same name.
ArmellinoItalian Italian: of uncertain origin; possibly from a masculinized form of Armellina, an old female personal name derived from Latin animula, a diminutive of anima ‘spirit’, ‘soul’.
BablaPolish, Indian Polish: nickname from babula ‘(old) little woman, granny’, a hypocoristic derivative of baba (see Baba).... [more]
BaechliGerman (Swiss) Derived from the word "Bächli," which means "small brook" in Swiss German.
BalaIndian 1 Indian (Gujarat and Bombay city): Parsi name, probably from Persian bālā ‘high’, ‘exalted’.... [more]
BaldisFrisian Frisian, Dutch, and North German: from a reduced and altered form of the personal name Balthasar (see Baltazar).
BanhVietnamese Vietnamese: from the Chinese surname 彭, see Peng.
BanuelosSpanish Spanish (Bañuelos): habitational name from any of various places, primarily Bañuelos de Bureba in Burgos, named for their public baths, from a diminutive of baños ‘baths’ (see Banos)
BaylonSpanish Spanish: variant of Bailón ( see Bailon ).
BeallScottish Derived from the Gaelic word beal, which means "mouth" or "opening." It could have been a nickname for someone with a large or prominent mouth.
BerthiaumeFrench French: from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements berht ‘bright’, ‘famous’ + helm ‘helmet’.
BhavarajuSanskrit It is a patronymic name, meaning it is from the father’s or ancestor’s name. It is derived from the Sanskrit words “bha,” which means “knowledge,” and “raja,” which means “king.” So, it means “king of knowledge” or “one who is knowledgeable.”
BholeGerman 1 North German: nickname for a male relative, colleague in a guild or fraternity, or lover, Middle Low German bōle.... [more]
BhuiyaBengali Bangladeshi: from Bengali bhuyyan ‘landlord’, ‘chieftain’. Bearers of this surname claim descent from one of the twelve chieftains (nine Muslims and three Hindus), who ruled the Sultanate of Bengal (1336–1576)... [more]
BirdeeEnglish Probably a variant spelling of English Burden .
BlemkerDutch Dutch: occupational name for a bleacher of textiles, Middle Dutch ble(e)kere.
BocanegraSpanish Spanish: nickname from boca ‘mouth’ + negra ‘black’, denoting a foul-mouthed or abusive person. In the form Boccanegra, this surname has also been long established in Italy.
BottomleyEnglish English (Yorkshire and Lancashire): habitational name from a place in West Yorkshire named Bottomley, from Old English botm ‘broad valley’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’.
BremnerScottish Derived from the Scottish Gaelic name MacGillebhàin which means "son of the fair-haired one." It is associated with the Clan Bremner, which has roots in the northern parts of Scotland.
BricknerGerman Derived from "brückenbauer," which means "bridge builder" in English. It was originally an occupational name for someone who built bridges. Over time, the name Brickner was likely shortened from Brückenbauer to its current form.
BroadheadEnglish Likely originated from someone with a broad or wide head.
BuelnaAsturian Asturian-Leonese and Spanish: habitational name from any of the places called Buelna in Asturies and Cantabria.
ButeraItalian Means “vineyard” or “grapevine” in Italian.
CababaSpanish Spanish (Cabaña) and Portuguese: habitational name from a place named with Spanish cabaña ‘hut’, ‘cabin’ (Late Latin capanna , a word of Celtic or Germanic origin).
CanalesSpanish Spanish: habitational name from any of several places called Canales, from canales, plural of canal ‘canal’, ‘water channel’, from Latin canalis.
CarnigliaItalian Derived from the Latin word “carnem”, meaning “flesh”, and likely referred to a person who worked with meat or was a butcher. The surname may have also been adopted as a nickname for someone who was particularly robust or fleshy.
CondeSpanish 1 Spanish and Portuguese: “nickname from the title of rank conde ‘count’, a derivative of Latin comes, comitis ‘companion’.”... [more]
CookinhamJewish (Americanized) This has the form of an English habitational name; however, there is no record of any such place name in the British Isles, and the surname does not appear in present-day records. It is probably an Americanized form of Jewish Guggenheim .
CouncilEnglish, German 1 English: nickname for a wise or thoughtful man, from Anglo-Norman French counseil ‘consultation’, ‘deliberation’, also ‘counsel’, ‘advice’ (Latin consilium, from consulere ‘to consult’)... [more]
CranfordEnglish English: habitational name from any of several places, for example in the county of Middlesex (now part of Greater London) and Northamptonshire (Cranford St. Andrew and Cranford St. John), named with Old English cran ‘crane’ + ford ‘ford’.
CuadraAsturian Asturian-Leonese: probably a habitational name from a place in Asturies called Cuadra.
CuartoSpanish Means "fourth" in English. It is derived from the Latin word "quartus," which means "fourth." The surname may have originally been used to denote a fourth child in a family or to indicate that the family lived on the fourth floor of a building.
CujecCroatian Derived from the word "cuj" which means "listen" or "hear" in English. Likely used to denote someone who was a good listener or was known for their attentive nature.
DannebergJewish Jewish (Ashkenazic): possibly a habitational name from any of various places in Germany named Dannenberg.
DazaSpanish Derived from the Basque word "dazio", meaning "tax". It is a surname that is typically associated with the region of Navarre in Spain.
DebarrosPortuguese Portuguese: habitational name for someone ‘from (de) Barros’, of which there are numerous examples, all named from the plural of barro ‘clay’.
DisharoonFrench (Americanized) Americanized form of an unidentified French name, possibly de Charente. This name was established in MD by the end of the 17th century.
DobeshCzech (Americanized) Americanized spelling of Czech Dobeš, from the Czech personal name Tobiáš, or of German Döbesch, from the same Czech personal name or some other Slavic form of Tobias .
DoernerGerman Occupational name for a miller or mill worker.
EllermeyerGerman It is a combination of the German words “Eller,” which means “alder,” and “Meyer,” which means “steward” or farmer”. So, it is thought to refer to someone who was either a steward or farmer who lived near an alder grove.
EngelmannGerman 1 German: variant of Engel 1, with the addition of the personal suffix -mann ‘man’, sometimes denoting a pet form.... [more]
EnginScottish Scottish: habitational name from Elgin, a place in Moray.
EscatelSpanish Derived from the Latin word “scatellum,” which means “small coin”. It is likely that the surname originally referred to someone who was involved in the production or circulation of small coins, or who had a reputation for being particularly frugal or economical... [more]
EstremeraSpanish Spanish: habitational name from a place in Madrid province called Estremera.
EstremeraSpanish Derived from the word "estrecho," which means "narrow" or "tight."
FarooqiMuslim Muslim: Arabic family name (Fārūqī), denoting someone descended from or associated with someone called Farooq , in particular a descendant of the khalif ῾Umar.
FelizSpanish Means “happy” or “fortunate” in Spanish.
FerrantiItalian Derived from the Latin word ferrum, which means "iron". Originally an occupational name for a blacksmith or a worker in iron.
FusiItalian Italian: of uncertain origin; it could be Greek, compare modern Greek Soyses, or alternatively, Caracausi suggests, of Arabic or Hebrew origin.
GaitánSpanish Originated from the Spanish word "gato," which means "cat." It is thought that the name may have been used to describe someone who had cat-like qualities, such as being agile or quick on their feet.
GanesanIndian Indian (Kerala, Tamil Nadu): Hindu name from Sanskrit gaṇeṣa ‘lord of the army’ ( see Ganesh ) + the Tamil-Malayalam third-person masculine singular suffix -n. This is found only as a given name in India, but has come to be used as a family name in the U.S.
GanjiIndian Derived from the Sanskrit word “ganja”, which means “cotton”.
GeChinese From Chinese 葛 (gé) referring to the ancient state of Ge, which existed during the Xia dynasty in what is now Henan province.
GloffGerman German and Swiss German: from the Germanic personal name Egilolf, composed of the elements agi(l) ‘edge’, ‘point’ (of a sword) + wolf ‘wolf’, cognate with Old English Ecgwulf. This was the name of several Lombard kings (ancestors of the Bavarian ducal line of the Agilolfinger), who introduced the name to Italy.
GodilEnglish English: habitational name for someone from Gadshill in Kent, either of two places called Godshill in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, or Godsell Farm in Wiltshire, which were all originally named Godeshyll ‘God's hill’.
GoussetFrench It is derived from the Old French word gousset, which means "purse" or "wallet". It is likely that this surname was originally given to someone who was a purse maker or a merchant who dealt in small items.
HaghighiPersian Means “high” or “elevated” in Persian. It is believed to be a nickname or occupational surname for someone who lived or worked in a high or elevated location, such as a mountain or hill. It may also be a surname that refers to a person’s high social status or standing within their community.
HartungGerman German, Dutch, and Danish: from a Germanic personal name, a derivative (originally a patronymic) of compound names beginning with hart ‘hardy’, ‘strong’.
HodappGerman 1 South German: probably a nickname for a clumsy person, from Middle High German hōh ‘high’, ‘tall’ + the dialect word dapp ‘fool’.... [more]
HornerEnglish 1 English, Scottish, German, and Dutch: from Horn 1 with the agent suffix -er; an occupational name for someone who made or sold small articles made of horn, a metonymic occupational name for someone who played a musical instrument made from the horn of an animal, or a topographic name for someone who lived at a ‘horn’ of land.... [more]
HudspethEnglish English (northeastern counties): unexplained. Compare Hedgepeth.
HulbertEnglish 1 English and German: from a Germanic personal name, Holbert, Hulbert, composed of the elements hold, huld ‘friendly’, ‘gracious’ + berht ‘bright’, ‘famous’.... [more]
InglesSpanish Spanish (Inglés): ethnic term denoting someone of English origin, from Spanish Inglés ‘English’.
IppolitoItalian Italian: from the personal name Ippolito (classical Greek Hippolytos, composed of the elements hippos ‘horse’ + lyein ‘loose’, ‘release’). This was the name of various minor early Christian saints... [more]
JereFrench Derived from the personal name Jerome, which is derived from the Greek name Hieronymos, meaning “sacred name.” Jerome was a saint who was known for translating the Bible into Latin.
KadGerman 1 German: habitational name for someone from a place called Kade near Magdeburg, Kaaden (German name of Kadeň in North Bohemia), or Kaden in Westerwald.... [more]
KalahasthiSanskrit It is derived from the Sanskrit words “kala,” which mean “time”, and “hasthi,” which means “elephant”. Together, the name means “the elephant of time,” which is a reference to the goddess Kali, who is often depicted riding on the back of an elephant... [more]
KalickiPolish Polish: habitational name for someone from a place called Balice.
KamathSanskrit Derived from the Sanskrit word “kamat,” which means “merchant” or “trader”.
KarchJewish 1 Jewish (Ashkenazic): Americanized spelling of Karcz .... [more]
KariyapperumaSinhalese Derived from the words “black” or "dark", and “peruma,” which means “big.” Together, the name can be interpreted to mean "great blackness" or "big darkness."
KindemEnglish 1 English: habitational name from a place in Derbyshire, of unknown etymology (probably a pre-English hill name, but the form is obscure).... [more]
KlinSlovene Slovenian: nickname for someone with a beak-shaped nose, from kljun ‘beak’, ‘bill’ (old spelling klun).
KogerGerman South German: occupational name for a knacker, from an agent derivative of koge ‘carrion’.
KoradaPolish Polish: nickname from porada ‘advice’, ‘counsel’.
KowsariPersian "Kowsar" refers to a river or stream in paradise, which is mentioned in the Quran. Another interpretation is that it means "abundant" or "overflowing."
KrolikPolish 1 Polish (Królik): from a diminutive of Polish król ‘king’ ( see Krol ).... [more]
KuruJapanese Japanese: though written with the character for ‘give’ or ‘present’, the original meaning may actually be ‘sunset’. The name is listed in the Shinsen shōjiroku and is no longer common in Japan, but there is a city by that name in Hiroshima prefecture and the area may have ancient connections with the family.
KyeiAfrican Ghanaian surname that is derived from the Akan language. It means "greatness" or "to become great" in English.
LinharesPortuguese Portuguese: habitational name from any of several places called Linhares, for example in Braganca, Guarda, and Vila Real, from the plural of linhar ‘flax field’ (Latin linare, a derivative of linum ‘flax’).
LoamEnglish 1 English and Scottish: unexplained. The name is recorded in both England and Scotland. It may be a variant of Scottish Lour, a habitational name from Lour, formerly a part of the parish of Meathielour.... [more]
LorrainFrench French and English: variant spelling of Lorraine.
LotfiItalian Italian: patronymic or plural form of the personal name Lotto .
LujanoSpanish Spanish: variant of Luján ( see Lujan ).
MaattaItalian 1 Southern Italian: from a feminine form of Matto .... [more]
MadariagaBasque Basque: habitational name from any of various places in Gipuzkoa named Madariaga, from Basque madari ‘pear tree’ + -aga ‘place’.
MakkarPolish Polish and Ukrainian: from the personal name Makary (Polish), Makar (Ukrainian), vernacular forms of the Greek ecclesiastical name Makarios meaning ‘blessed’.
MandaIndian 1 Indian (Andhra Pradesh): Hindu (Brahman) name based on the name of a subgroup of Brahmans.... [more]
MantillaSpanish Spanish: from mantilla ‘mantilla’, ‘scarf worn over the head and shoulders’, presumably an occupational name for a maker of mantillas or a descriptive name for someone who habitually wore such a garment.
MarchesiniItalian Derived from the Latin word “marchese,” which means “marquis.” It is a title of nobility that was used in medieval Italy and referred to the leader of a march or border region. It likely refers to someone who was descended from or associated with a marquis or who held a similar position of authority in a border region.
McdearmonScottish Scottish: variant of McDiarmid with excrescent -n-.
MckewonScottish Scottish and northern Irish: variant of McEwen .
MeltzerGerman German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): occupational name for a maltster, a brewer who used malt, from German Meltzer (an agent derivative of Middle High German malt ‘malt’, ‘germinated barley’), Yiddish meltser ‘maltster’... [more]
MishlerGerman Americanized spelling of Swiss German Mischler .
NagavekarIndian Of Indian origin, specifically from the Konkan region of Maharashtra. The name is derived from the words "nagav" which means cobra and "kar" meaning owner, thus Nagavekar means "owner of cobras" in English... [more]
NaharArabic Means “river” or “canal”. It is likely that individuals with this last name come from a family with a history or connection to water or irrigation systems.
NapperEnglish 1 English: occupational name for a naperer, the servant in charge of the linen in use in a great house, Middle English, Old French nap(p)ier. Compare Scottish Napier .... [more]
NavidaGalician Galician and Asturian-Leonese: habitational name from either of two places named Navia, in Galicia and Asturies.
NeubertGerman Derived from the German word “neu,” meaning “new,” and the word “Bert,” which is a shortened form of the Germanic given name “Berthold,” meaning “bright ruler.” So, it means “new bright ruler”.
NeumeyerGerman German: distinguishing name for a newly appointed steward or tenant farmer, or one who was a newcomer to an area, from Middle High German niuwe ‘new’ + meier ‘steward’, ‘tenant farmer’ ( see Meyer 1)... [more]
NinbergJewish 1 Jewish (Ashkenazic): variant of Feinberg .... [more]
NipperGerman 1. habitational name for someone from Nippe in Hesse. ... [more]
NiuChinese 1 Chinese 牛: this name probably arose during the Zhou dynasty ( 1122–221 bc ) in the area of Gansu province; the details are unclear. It was borne by a person named Niu Wen, who was a descendant of the eldest brother of the last king of the Shang dynasty, Zhou Xin ( 1154–1123 bc ).... [more]
OppedisanoItalian Italian: habitational name for someone from Oppido Mamertino in Reggio Calabria, so named from Latin oppidum ‘fortified place’, ‘stronghold’. The original settlement was destroyed by an earthquake in 1783 ; it was rebuilt on a site further south.
OpstadNorwegian Norwegian: habitational name from any of ten farmsteads in southeastern Norway named Olstad, from a contracted form of Old Norse Ólafsstaðir, from the personal name Ólaf + staðir, plural of staðr ‘farmstead’, ‘dwelling’.
OuyFrench Some derive this name from the French word "gui," meaning mistletoe. Others think it comes through the Celtic name "Kei," from Caius. Others belive the name comes from the French words "guide," a leader, or "guidon," a banner... [more]
PalmbergSwedish Combination of Swedish palm "palm tree" and berg "mountain".
PannalaFinnish Finnish: from the female personal name Anna + the local suffix -la. Found chiefly in Ostrobothnia.
PeaseEnglish English: from Middle English pese ‘pea’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a grower or seller of peas, or a nickname for a small and insignificant person. The word was originally a collective singular (Old English peose, pise, from Latin pisa) from which the modern English vocabulary word pea is derived by folk etymology, the singular having been taken as a plural.
PitaSpanish Spanish and Portuguese: from Spanish, Portuguese pita ‘chicken’ or in some cases possibly from the plant pita ‘pita’, ‘American aloe’, presumably a topographic name.
PiuChinese 1 Chinese 牛: this name probably arose during the Zhou dynasty ( 1122–221 bc ) in the area of Gansu province; the details are unclear. It was borne by a person named Niu Wen, who was a descendant of the eldest brother of the last king of the Shang dynasty, Zhou Xin ( 1154–1123 bc ).... [more]
PortreyJewish Origin uncertain. Perhaps an altered form of Jewish Portnoy of North German Portner.
ProcopioItalian Italian (Calabria) and Greek (Prokopios): from the personal name Procopio, Greek Prokopios, from pro ‘before’, ‘in front’ + kopē ‘cut’, actually an omen name meaning ‘success’, ‘prosperity’ but as a Church name taken to mean ‘pioneer’ as it was the name of the first victim of Diocletian's persecutions in Palestine in AD 303... [more]
RackersGerman German (Räckers): in the Lower Rhine-Westphalia area, from a reduced form of Rädeker, itself a reduced form of Rademaker.
RathGerman 1 German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): descriptive epithet for a wise person or counselor, from Middle High German rāt ‘counsel’, ‘advice’, German Rat ‘counsel’, ‘advice’, also ‘stock’, ‘supply’.... [more]
ReifingerGerman 1 German: perhaps a habitational name for someone from any of several places called Reiting in Bavaria and Austria, or from a Germanic personal name, a variant of Rediger .... [more]
ReinertGerman North German: from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements ragin ‘counsel’ + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, for example Reinhard ( see Reinhardt ).
RicarioSpanish Spanish and Jewish (Sephardic): from the personal name Ricardo ( see Richard ).
RosholtNorwegian Norwegian: habitational name from either of two farms called Røsholt in southeastern Norway, named with Old Norse, either ross ‘mare’ or ruð ‘clearing’ + holt ‘grove’, ‘wood’.
RosingGerman 1 German and Dutch: patronymic from a derivative of the medieval personal name Rozinus.... [more]
SadileEnglish 1 English (mostly Lancashire): probably a variant of Sale .... [more]
SainiIndian Indian (Panjab): Hindu (Arora) and Sikh name derived from the name of an Arora clan.
SaipeEnglish English: perhaps a habitational name from a minor place in Wiltshire named Stype.
SajinFrench 1 French: metonymic occupational name for a satin merchant or specialist satin weaver, from Middle French satin ‘satin’, a word of Arabic and (ultimately) Chinese origin, a derivative of the Chinese place name Tsinkiang, whence satin silk was brought to the Middle East and Europe in the Middle Ages.... [more]
ScherlGerman Derived from the Middle Low German word “scherl” or “scherle,” which means “small shield.” It may have been from a person known for carrying a small shield, a person who lived near a small shield-shaped sign or symbol, or a person who lived in a place named after the small shield.
SchrammGerman German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): metonymic nickname for a person with a scar, from Middle High German schram(me), German Schramme, Yiddish shram ‘scar’.
SomanIndian Indian (Kerala, Tamil Nadu): Hindu name from Sanskrit soma ‘moon’ + the Tamil-Malayalam third-person masculine singular suffix -n. This is only a given name in India, but has come to be used as a family name in the U.S.
SpurrierEnglish Derived from the Old French word “esperonier,” meaning “to spur on”. It was likely given as a nickname to someone who was known for encouraging or motivating others. The name could have also referred to someone who was skilled at using spurs to control horses.
StepnowskyPolish Polish (Stępnowski): habitational name for someone from Stępno in Kalisz voivodeship, named with stępać ‘to plod’ ( see Stepien ), or from a place called Stepnów, now in Ukraine.
SuleIndian 1 Indian (Maharashtra); pronounced as two syllables: Hindu (Maratha) name, from Marathi suḷa ‘pointed tooth’, from Sanskrit šūla ‘spike’, ‘spear’.... [more]
SulickPolish Derived from the Polish given name “Sułislaw,” which is composed of the elements “sun” and “sław,” which mean “sun” and “glory”. It is thought to have originally referred to someone who was associated with the sun or who was considered to be illustrious or famous.
SwartzlanderEnglish (American) Americanized form of German Schwarzländer, a habitational name for someone from an area of Bavaria known as Schwarzland ‘the black land’, from Middle High German swarz ‘black’ + land ‘land’.
ThulinSwedish Meaning uncertain. Possibly derived from thule, an ancient Greek and Roman term for an area in northern Europe which some believe to be the Nordic countries.
TinklenbergGerman Probably of German origin, a habitational name from Tecklenburg in North Rhine-Westphalia.
TisgaonkarMarathi It is derived from the words “tis” meaning “three” and “gaonkar” meaning “landlord or village headman.” The surname’s meaning is “the headman of three villages.”
TomasykCzech Czech and Slovak (Tomášek) and German (under Slavic influence): from a pet form of the personal name, Czech Tomáš ( see Thomas ).
TrandoItalian Italian: from the Germanic (Lombardic) personal name Brando, a short form of the various compound personal names formed with brand ‘sword’, particularly Aldobrando and Ildebrando.
TumberEnglish English: habitational name from any of the various places so called from their situation on a stream with this name. Humber is a common prehistoric river name, of uncertain origin and meaning.
UcarCroatian 1 Croatian, Serbian, and eastern Slovenian: ironic nickname for an autocratic person, from car ‘tsar’.... [more]
UdomEnglish English: nickname for someone who had done well for himself by marrying the daughter of a prominent figure in the local community, from Middle English odam ‘son-in-law’ (Old English āðum).
UmlaufGerman German: occupational name for a policeman in a town or city, from Middle High German umbe laufen ‘to make the rounds’.
VecaItalian Southern Italian: possibly from vece ‘change’, ‘mutation’, ‘alternation’ (from Latin vix, vicis, plural vices), or from a pet form of a personal name formed with this element.
VladiCzech Czech, Slovak, and Romanian: from a short form of the personal name Vladislav, an old Slavic name composed of the elements volod ‘rule’ + slav ‘glory’, Latinized as Ladislaus and found in Hungarian as László ( see Laszlo ).
VoinovRussian Derived from the word "voin," which means "warrior" or "soldier" in English. It is a common surname among Russian families and may have originally been used to denote someone who worked as a soldier or was associated with the military in some way.
VoracMedieval Latin Derived from the Latin word “vorax,” which means ravenous or greedy.
WalbridgeEnglish English (Dorset): habitational name, probably from Wool Bridge in East Stoke, Dorset.
WallenEnglish Originated from the Old English words "waellan" or "weallan," which mean "to boil" or "to bubble." It is thought that the name may have been used to describe someone who lived near a boiling spring or a bubbling brook.
WarthenGerman German: from a short form of the personal name Wartold, from Old High German wart ‘guardian’.
WeinheimerGerman German: habitational name for someone from any of the places named Weinheim, for example in Baden and Hessen.
WeixelGerman German: variant spelling of Weichsel, a topographic name for someone who lived near a sour cherry tree (St. Luce cherry), from Middle High German wīhsel (modern German Weichsel(n), pronounced ‘Weiksel’.
WojtczakPolish Polish: patronymic from Wojtek, a pet form of the personal name Wojciech ( see Voytek ).
WrbanekPolish Polish, Czech (Urbánek), and Sorbian: from a pet form of the personal name Urban . The surname is also established in Germany.
WriedenJewish Jewish (Ashkenazic): variant of Fried or a short form of any of the various compound names beginning Frieden of the same derivation.
ZangaraItalian Southern Italian: from a feminine form of Zangaro ( see Zangari ).