All Submitted Surnames

Kirsztajn American

Kirt Estonian
Kirt is an Estonian surname derived from "kirtsus" meaning "wrinkled" and "furrowed".

Kirtland English
Variant of Kirkland.

Kirton English
Family name for someone who resides near a church. From Old English kirk meaning "church" and ton meaning "town, settlement".

Kiruta Belarusian, Russian

Kirves Estonian
Kirves is an Estonian surname meaning "axe".

Kirwan Irish
From Gaelic Ó Ciardhubháin meaning "descendant of Ciardhubhán", a given name composed of the elements ciar "dark" and dubh "black" combined with a diminutive suffix.

Kirwana African

Kirwin Irish
Variant of Kirwan

Kiryk Polish

Kiryuin Japanese (?), Popular Culture (?)
Either from 桐生 (Kiryu), a place name, combined with 院 (in) meaning "college" or 鬼 (ki, oni) meaning "demon" and 龍 (ryu) meaning "dragon, imperial" combined with 院 (in) meaning "college".

Kiryukhin m Russian
Possibly derived from a diminutive of Kira 1.

Kiryushkin m Russian
Derived from a diminutive of the Russian name Kir.

Kiryuu Japanese

Kiš Serbian, Croatian
Possibly derived from Turkish kış, meaning "winter", or Hungarian kis, meaning "small".

Kısa Turkish
Means "short, brief" in Turkish.

Kisara Japanese

Kisaragi Japanese (Rare)
Old way to say February.

Kisaragi Japanese (Rare)
如月 (Kisaragi) can be translated as "February" and "second month of the lunar calendar" (obsolete term) and the kanji means (如月 = likeness; like; such as; as if; better; best; equal | month; moon)... [more]

Kisby English

Kise Kise
Kise is very Kise

Kiseleva Russian

Kiselyova Russian

Kiser German
Variant of Kaiser.

Kish English
A name for a person who worked as a maker of leather armor for the knight's legs.

Kishi Japanese
From Japanese 岸 (kishi) meaning "bank, shore".

Kishibe Japanese

Kishida Japanese
From Japanese 岸 (kishi) meaning "beach, shore, bank" and 田 (ta) meaning "field, rice paddy".

Kishigami Japanese

Kishii Japanese
Koshi means "shore, bank, beach" and i means "well, mineshaft, pit".

Kishikawa Japanese
From Japanese 岸 (kishi) meaning "beach, shore, bank" and 川 (kawa) meaning "river, stream".

Kishima Japanese

Kishimura Japanese

Kishino Japanese
From Japanese 岸 (kishi) meaning "beach, shore, bank" and 野 (no) meaning "field, wilderness".

Kishinyov m Russian (Rare)
Means "Chișinau", the capital of Moldova, in Russian. It is a very rare last name.

Kishio Japanese
Kishi means "bank, shore, beach" and o means "tail".

Kishioka Japanese
formed with 岸 (Kishi, Gan) meaning "Beach" and 岡 (Oka, Kō) meaning "Mount; hill; knoll”. So the mean it could be interpreted as “Hill of the Beach” or “Beach Hill”

Kishiyama Japanese
From Japanese 岸 (kishi) meaning "beach, shore, bank" and 山 (yama) meaning "mountain, hill".

Kishka Ukrainian
Means "cat" in Ukrainian.

Kishlansky Russian (?)
Mark Kishlansky was a historian.

Kishor Indian, Hindi
From the given name Kishor.

Kishore Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
From the given name Kishor.

Kishu Japanese

Kisida Japanese

Kiska Belarusian

Kiskadden Scottish
From the place name Garscadden, which is in modern day Glasgow, Scotland.

Kisku Santali, Indian
Known as the surname of Rathin Kisku.

Kisla Belarusian

Kisley English

Kislitsyn Russian
Derived from Russian кислица (kislitsa) meaning "mope, a dull, spiritless person".

Kisly Russian, Belarusian
Derived from Russian кислый (kisly) meaning "acid, acidic, sour".

Kislyak Belarusian, Russian

Kisner English

Kissa Eastern African

Kissack Manx
Manx and Derry Irish form of "McIsaac"

Kissami Arabic (Maghrebi)
Means "descendants of Qasim" in Arabic. This was the name of a Moroccan family descended from the Idrisid dynasty.

Kissel German
From a pet form of the Germanic personal name Gisulf.

Kissinger German
HouseofNames.com: The Kissinger surname derives from the Old High German word "kisil," meaning "pebble," or "gravel." The name may have been a topographic name for someone who lived in an area of pebbles or gravel; or it may have evolved from any of several places named with this word.

Kissov Danish

Kiston English

Kiswana Indonesian

Kitabashi Japanese
Variant of Kitahashi.

Kitabatake Japanese

Kitabayashi Japanese
From the Japanese 北 (kita) "North" and 林 (bayashi or hayashi) "forest," "woods."

Kitabayashi Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 林 (hayashi) meaning "forest".

Kitada Japanese

Kitae Japanese

Kitagaki Japanese
From 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 垣 (gaki) meaning "hedge, fence".

Kitahara Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 原 (hara) meaning "field, plain".

Kitahashi Japanese
Kita means "north" and hashi means "bridge".

Kitajima Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 島 (shima) meaning "island".

Kitakado Japanese
Kita means "north" and kado means "gate".

Kitakawa Japanese
Kita means "north" and kawa means "river, stream".

Kitakoji Japanese

Kitami Japanese
From Japanese 喜 (ki) meaning "rejoice" or 北 (kita) meaning "north", combined with 多 (ta) meaning "many" and/or 見 (mi) meaning "see".

Kitamura Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 村 (mura) meaning "town, village".

Kitani Japanese
From the Japanese 木 (ki or moku) "tree," "wood" and 谷 (tani or ya) "valley."

Kitano Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 野 (no) meaning "field, wilderness".

Kitanokouji Japanese (Rare)
Kitanokouji (北小路) comes from kita (北) means "North", Kouji (小路) means "Alley". This is one of the kuge surnames and this surname is very rare. No notable people or fictional characters bear this surname.

Kitanovski Macedonian

Kitao Japanese
From 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 尾 (o) meaning "tail".

Kitaoka Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 岡 (oka) meaning "hill, ridge".

Kitarović Croatian

Kitasawa Japanese
Kita means "north" and shima means "island".

Kitase Japanese
Kita means "north" and and se means "ripple".

Kitashima Japanese
Kita means "north" and shima means "island".

Kitashirakawa Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north", 白 (shira) meaning "white" and 川 (kawa) meaning "river, stream".

Kitaura Japanese
Kita means "north" and ura means "bay, seacoast".

Kitayama Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 山 (yama) meaning "mountain, hill".

Kitazawa Japanese
Kita (北) means "North", zawa/sawa (沢 or 澤) means "swamp". Sawa changes to zawa because of rendaku.

Kitazawa Japanese
From Japanese 北 (kita) meaning "north" and 沢 or 澤 (sawa) meaning "marsh".

Kitchell English

Kitchener English
Variant spelling of Kitchen. A notable bearer was the Anglo-Irish senior British Army officer and colonial administrator Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener (1850-1916).

Kitchenham English
Occupational surname for a person who was in charge of the kitchen in a royal or noble house, or a monastery. From the Anglo Saxon cycene (German: Küche Dutch: kjøkken Latin: cocina Italian: cucina)

Kitcher English (British)
This name derives from the Old English word "Cyta", and describes 'the cat' or perhaps more specifically a wild cat. This name may also refer to someone who worked in a Kitchen.

Kitching English
The surname is thought to have originally been an occupational name for a cook, deriving from the Old English word cycen.

Kite English
From the name of the bird of prey, derived from Middle English Kete and Old English Cyta.

Kithara Greek

Kitley English
Derived from a place name in Devonshire, England, and was first recorded in the form of Kitelhey in 1305.... [more]

Kitowska Polish

Kits Estonian
Kits is an Estonian surname meaning "goat".

Kitsas Estonian
Kitsas is an Estonian surname meaning "strait".

Kitson Scottish, English
Patronymic form of Kit.

Kitsusu Kongo
The surname of a notable Congolese musician whose real first name was Philemon.

Kitt English, German
English: From the Middle English personal name Kit, a pet form of Christopher... [more]

Kittell German (Anglicized), English
English: variant of Kettle. ... [more]

Kitten German

Kittilsby American (Anglicized, Rare)

Kittirattanavivat Thai (Sanskritized, Rare)
Sanskritized transcription of Kittirattanawiwat.

Kittirattanaviwat Thai (Rare)
Variant transcription of Kittirattanawiwat.

Kittirattanawiwat Thai (Rare)
From Thai กิตติ (kitti) meaning "fame; renown", รัตน (rattana) meaning "gem; jewel", and วิวัฒน์ (wiwat) of unknown meaning.

Kittler German

Kittner German

Kitto Cornish
Cornish forms of Kit, for Christopher, according to 'Patronymica Cornu-Brittanica' by Richard Stephen Charnock (1870).

Kittredge English
Derived from the given name Keterych.

Kittrick Hungarian

Kittridge English
Variant form of Kittredge.

Kitumaini Central African, Swahili
Means "little hope" in Swahili, a diminutive of tumaini meaning simply "hope". It is mostly found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Kitz German
Meaning "kid".

Kitzmiller English (American)
Americanized form of German Kitzmüller, literally ‘kid miller’ ( see Kitz + Muller ), a nickname for a miller who kept goats; alternatively, the first element may be from a personal name formed with the Germanic element Gid-, cognate with Old English gidd ‘song’.

Kitzmüller German
Meaning "kid miller".

Kiuchi Japanese
Ki means "tree" and uchi means "inside".

Kiuchi Japanese
From Japanese 木 (ki) meaning "tree, wood" and 内 (uchi) meaning "inside".

Kiur Estonian
Kiur is an Estonian surname meaning "pipit" (Anthus).

Kiuru Finnish, Karelian
"lark (bird)"

Kivelä Finnish

Kivi Estonian, Finnish
Means "stone, rock" in Estonian and Finnish.

Kivik Estonian
Kivik is an Estonian surname relating to "stone".

Kivikas Estonian
Kivikas is an Estonian surname derived from "kivikamakas" meaning "rock".

Kivilaan Estonian
Kivilaan is an Estonian surname meaning "stone wintergreen".

Kiviloo Estonian
Kiviloo is an Estonian surname meaning "stone swathe".

Kivimägi Estonian
Kivimägi is an Estonian name meaning "stone mountain/hill".

Kivimäki Finnish
"Combined of Finnish words kivi (stone) and mäki (hill)"

Kivimurd Estonian
Kivimurd is an Estonian surname meaning "stone break/fracture".

Kivinukk Estonian
Kivinukk is an Estonian surname meaning "stone doll".

Kivipalu Estonian
Kivipalu is an Estonian surname meaning "stone sandy heath/heath woodland".

Kivirähk Estonian
Kivirähk is an Estonian surname meaning "stone scree".

Kivirist Estonian
Kivirist is an Estonian surname meaning "stone cross".

Kivirüüt Estonian
Kivirüüt is an Estonian surname meaning "stone plover".

Kivisaar Estonian
Kivisaar is an Estonian surname meaning "stone island".

Kiviselg Estonian
Kiviselg is an Estonian surname meaning the "back (of) stone" (literally, "stone back").

Kivisild Estonian
Kivisild is an Estonian surname meaning "stone bridge".

Kivisilla Estonian
Kivisilla is an Estonian surname meaning "stone bridges".

Kiviste Estonian
Kiviste is an Estonian surname derived from "kivi" meaning "stone".

Kivistik Estonian
Kivistik is an Estonian surname meaning "stone grove".

Kivistö Finnish
A combination of Finnish kivi "stone, rock" and the suffix -stö.

Kıvrak Turkish
Means "lithe, agile, active" in Turkish.

Kiwara Japanese
Variant of Kihara.

Kix English (Rare)
Location name from one of two rivers in West Yorkshire called Kex.

Kiya Japanese
Means "tree valley" in Japanese, from 木 (ki) "tree" and 谷 (ya) "valley".

Kıyak Turkish
Means "super, great, fine" in Turkish.

Kiyako Nigerian (?)

Kiyama Japanese

Kiyoda Japanese

Kiyofuji Japanese
From Japanese 清 (kiyo) meaning "clear, pure, clean" and 藤 (fuji) meaning "wisteria".

Kiyoi Japanese

Kiyoko Japanese
Surname of American-Japanese singer, songwriter, actress, dancer, and director Hayley Kiyoko.

Kiyomigawa Japanese
A notable user of this surname is Kiyomigawa Umeyuki, a sumo wrestler from Yokota, Akita Prefecture.

Kiyomizu Japanese
A variation of the popular surname Shimizu. 清 (Kiyo) means "Pure, Clean" and 水 (Mizu) means "Water".

Kiyomoto Japanese
Kiyo means "clean, pure" and moto means "origin".

Kiyono Japanese

Kiyono Japanese
From Japanese 清 (kiyo) meaning "clear, pure, clean" and 野 (no) meaning "field, wilderness".

Kiyooka Japanese

Kiyosaka Japanese
Kiyo means "pure, clean" and saka means "slope, hill".

Kiyosaki Japanese
Kiyo means "pure" and saki means "cape, promontory, peninsula".

Kiyose Japanese
Kiyo means "pure, clean" and se means "ripple".

Kiyoshi Japanese
Kiyoshi means "pure, clean".

Kiyota Japanese
From the Japanese 清 (kiyo) "clearly," "brightly," "cleanly" and 田 (ta or da) "rice paddy."

Kiyotake Japanese

Kiyoura Japanese
Combination of the Kanji 清 (kiyo, "clear, pure, refreshing, clean") and 浦 (ura, "bay, inlet"). A famous bearer of this surname was Japanese Prime Minister Kiyoura Keigo (清浦 奎吾; 1850–1942).

Kiyozaki Japanese
Variant of Kiyosaki.

Kizara Japanese (Rare, ?)

Kizevetter German (Russified)
Russified form of Kiesewetter.

Kizewski Polish
Polish, variant of Kiszewski a habitational name for someone from Stara Kiszewa (formerly Kiszewa) in Kościerzyna County in Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Kizi African

Kızıl Turkish
Means "red, scarlet" in Turkish.

Kızılırmak Turkish

Kızılkaya Turkish
Means "red rock" in Turkish.

Kizuki Japanese
Kizuki has various spellings. It combines 木 (ki) meaning “tree”, 気 (ki) meaning “spirit”, 稀 (ki) meaning “rare”, 希 (ki) “hope, rare” and 妃 (ki) meaning “princess” with 月 (tsuki) meaning “moon, month”... [more]

Kjartansdóttir Icelandic
Means "daughter of Kjartan". Used exclusively by women.

Kjartansson Icelandic
Means "son of Kjartan". Used exclusively by men.

Kjeldahl Danish

Kjella Norwegian (?)
Meaning unknown, but it might be related to the given name Kjell.

Kjellberg Swedish, Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of Old Norse kelda or Swedish källa both meaning "spring, source (of water)", and berg "mountain".

Kjellsen Norwegian
Means "son of Kjell"

Kjølaas Norwegian

Kjuka Macedonian
Kjuka has its highest incidence in North Macedonia.

Klaar Estonian
Klaar is an Estonian surname meaning "clear" or "ready". Ultimately, from the German word "klar", meaning "clear".

Klaarwater German
"Clear water."

Klaas Estonian
Klaas is an Estonian surname meaning "glass".

Klaassen Dutch
Means "son of Klaas".

Klaassepp Estonian
Klaassepp is an Estonian surname meaning "glass smith".

Klabunde German

Klade German (Austrian)

Klaes Frisian
From the given name Klaes.

Klaesson Swedish
Variant of Claesson.

Klahan Thai
Means "brave" in Thai.

Klainguti Romansh
Variant of Klaingutti.

Klaingutti Romansh
Corruption of Clanschutti.

Klanac Croatian
Means "gorge, ravine, narrow pass".

Klapdi Thai
From Thai กลับ (klap) meaning "return, come back" and ดี (di) meaning "good, fine, excellent".

Klapp German
Nickname for a gossip or a slanderer, derived from Middle High German klapf, klaff meaning "prattle, malicious gossip".

Klarerstein German
German surname meaning "Clear stone".

Klarić Croatian, Slovene
From the given name Klara

Klarich English
English spelling of Klarić.

Klarwasser German
"Clear water."

Klasky Sorbian, Belarusian, Czech, Russian, Slovak, Bulgarian, Polish, Serbian

Klass Jewish

Klass German
The name is patronymic and it comes from the German first name "Clausen" which is a variant of the name "Nicholas".

Klaus Russian

Klaus German, Dutch
From the given name Klaus.

Klaver Dutch
Means "clover" in Dutch, a topographic name for someone who lived by a field of clovers or a sign depicting them, or an occupational name for a clover farmer.

Kļaviņš Latvian
Derived from the word kļava meaning "maple".

Klayn Jewish
Variant of Klein

Kleanthous Greek (Cypriot)
Alternate transcription of Greek Κλεάνθους (see Cleanthous).

Kleber German, English (American)
Derived from German kleben "to bind, to stick", hence an occupational name for someone who applied clay daub or whitewash on buildings.

Klebold German (Americanized)
Americanized form of Klieboldt.

Kleckley German

Kleehammer German
Means "Cloverleaf hammer"

Kleffner German
Topographic name from Middle Low German clef, cleff "cliff", "precipice".

Kleffner German
Nickname for a prattler or gossip, from Middle High German, Middle Low German kleffer(er).

Kleiber German
Derived from an agent Middle High German kleben "to stick or bind" an occupational name for a builder working with clay or in Swabia for someone who applied whitewash. in Bavaria and Austria an occupational name for a shingle maker from Middle High German klieben "to split (wood or stone)".

Kleibrink German
Germany

Kleikamp German

Kleine German, Dutch, Jewish
Variant of Klein

Kleiner German

Kleinfeld German
Means "small field" in German

Kleinjud Romansh (Archaic)
Corruption of Klainguti.

Kleinknecht German
A combining of the German word klein "small" and knecht "servant", originally an occupational name for a secondary hired hand. A famous historic figure who bore this surname was Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht (8 April 1722 in Ulm - 11 August 1794 in Ansbach), a German composer of many works of chamber music and symphonies, flutist and Kapellmeister (chapel master).

Kleinman German
Nickname meaning Small Man.

Kleinschmidt German
Occupational surname which means "small smith", that is, a maker of small forged items and metal hand tools.

Kleinschmit German
Variant of Kleinschmidt.

Kleinstein Jewish

Kleinstein Romansh
Corruption of Klein's Thöni, itself a calque of Thöni Pitschen.

Kleis Upper German, Romansh
Derived from the given name Kleis, a South German variant of Klaus. The Kleis settled in Romansh-speaking areas after the Napoleonic Wars.

Kleiss Upper German, Alsatian
Variant of Kleis.

Klem German, Dutch
From a short form of the given name Klemens, or a location named using the personal name.

Klemenčič Slovene
Means "son of Klemen".

Klemm German
Either from Middle High German klem "narrow, tight", a nickname for miserly person, or from the related klemme "constriction; narrows", a habitational name for someone who lived in a narrow area... [more]

Klepikov m Russian
Possibly derived from клепка (klepka), meaning riveting.

Klepper Medieval German
derives from the Middle High German word kleppern, meaning "to gossip".

Klerckx Dutch
Variant of De Klerk.

Kletenkov m Russian

Kleyn German, Dutch, Jewish
Variant of Klein

Kleynen Flemish
From Dutch klein meaning "small".

Kličić Bosnian

Kliebert German
Occupational name for a woodsman or woodworker, from an agent derivative of Middle High German klieben meaning "to cleave or split".

Klieboldt German

Kliem Maltese
Kliem is a Maltese word that means "words."

Kliewer German, German (West Prussian), Mennonite
Germanized form of Dutch Kluiver, an occupational name for a court official, originally a hangman or torturer.

Klijn Dutch
Could be a variant of Klein "small, little", or could be derived from Old Dutch kluin (also klyn or kloen) "peat".

Klikucs Latvian

Klimaszewski Polish
Name for someone from a place called Klimaszewnica or Klimasze, both derived from Klimasz, a pet form of the given name Klemens.

Klimenko Ukrainian
Alternate transcription of Klymenko.

Klimentov Russian
Means "son of Kliment."

Klimov Russian
Means "son of Klim".

Klimson English (Australian)

Klimt German (Austrian)
Derived from the given name Kliment.... [more]

Klin Slovene
A nickname for someone with a beak-shaped nose, from kljun "beak, bill" (old spelling klun).

Kline American
Kline is one of the smaller groups of anglicized forms of the German surname Klein.... [more]

Klinefelter German

Kliner American

Kling Dutch
Occupational surname meaning "blade" in Dutch, referring to a person who made knives. A Dutch cognate of Messer.

Klingbeil German
From Middle High German klingen "to ring or sound" and bīl "axe", literally "sound the axe", an occupational nickname for a journeyman, carpenter, shipwright (or any occupation involving the use of an axe)... [more]

Klingelhoefer German, French

Klingemann German
Occupational surname for a knife maker, literally meaning "knife maker, weapons smith". It is derived from German klinge meaning "blade".

Klinger German
Klinger is a German surname meaning ravine or gorge in Old German. The English variant of Klinger is Clinger.

Klingler German
Occupational name for a bladesmith.

Klintsen Norwegian, Danish
Means "son of Klint".

Klippenstein German (Canadian)

Klitschko Ukrainian

Klitus Hungarian (Rare)
Surname

Kljajić Croatian, Serbian

Klobučar Slovene, Croatian, Serbian
Occupational name derived from Serbian, Croatian and Slovene klobučar meaning "hatter" (a derivative of klobuk meaning "hat"), originally indicating a person who made, sold or repaired hats.

Klobuchar Slovene (Anglicized), Croatian (Anglicized), Serbian (Anglicized)
Americanized form of Klobučar. A notable bearer is the American politician, lawyer and senator Amy Klobuchar (1960-).

Kłoda Polish (Rare)

Kloda Polish, English
Maybe an anglicized form or a variant of Kłoda.

Kloek Dutch
From Middle Dutch cloec meaning "deft, clever, skilful", derived from Old Germanic *klōkaz "strong, quick, smart".

Kloi African

Klok Dutch
From Middle Dutch clocke "bell", an occupational name for someone who made or rang bells, or perhaps for a clockmaker. Compare Van Der Klok and Kloek.

Klomp Dutch, Low German
Means both "lump, block, compact heap" and "clog, wooden shoe" in Dutch, often an occupational name for someone who made such shoes. It could also be a nickname for a stocky or clumsy person, or a habitational name for someone who lived by a sign depicting a clog.

Klontz English

Klooster Estonian
Klooster is an Estonian surname meaning "cloister" and "abbey". Borrowed from Middle Low German "klôster"; ultimately from Medieval Latin "claustrum".

Kloosterman Dutch
Derived from Dutch klooster "cloister, monastery" and man "person, man", given to someone who worked for a monastery or lived near one.

Klopfenstein German
It means striking stones

Klopp German, Dutch
Habitational name from a place called Kloppe.

Kloppenburg German, Dutch
From Cloppenburg, the name of a town in Lower Saxony.

Klor German (Austrian)
The Klor surname may have evolved from the feminine personal name Klara. Or it may have come from the Middle High German and Middle Low German "Klar," meaning "Pure" or "Beautiful".

Klora German

Klose German

Klose German, Silesian
From a Silesian short form of the given name Nikolaus. A notable bearer is the German former soccer player Miroslav Klose (1978-).

Kloss English (British)
Surname from the model, Karlie Kloss (1992-)

Kloss German

Klostermann German
Combination of "kloster" meaning "monastery," and common German suffix Mann.

Klouda Czech
From Kloud, a vernacular short form of the Latin personal name Claudius (see Claud).

Klučka Slovak

Kluckert German

Kluczewski m Polish
Habititional surname for someone from a village called Kluczewo, derived from klucz, meaning "key."

Kluczyński m Polish
Variant of Kluczewski. A notable bearer was John C. Kluczynski (1896-1975), an American veteran who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Klug German (Austrian)
First recorded in the early 14th century in present-day Austria (southeastern region of the Holy Roman Empire at that time). The surname was derived from the ancient Germanic word kluoc meaning "noble" or "refined".... [more]